Maya Angelous Still I Rise - 904 Words

This seminar paper will look at a poem written by Maya Angelou, Still I rise, 1978. An analysis of this poem will be provided, exploring the meaning of the poem and the language used to present a certain image to the audience. â€Å"Dr. Angelou experienced the brutality of racial discrimination, but she also absorbed the unshakable faith and values of traditional African-American family, community, and culture†(www.mayaangelou.com, 2014). This poem is Maya Angelou speaking to the audience as she explains the problems she has overcome such as; racism, sexism, bullying and other problems in her life that she has managed to move on from.This poem is set in a first person narrative, Angelou explains to the audience about the good and bad times†¦show more content†¦Whereas, â€Å"you,† is related to the white population, this shows the division of both races. This is a setting of one of Angelou’s problems, overcoming racism, and still rising. â€Å"Bringing the gifts my ancestors gave, I am the dream and the hope of the slave,† (stanza 8) this line relates to slavery, the pain she and her family went through during these times of cruelty. This also allows us to picture the author, Angelou, as a strong African woman, who has overcome many obstacles in her life. â€Å"Still I rise,† the name of the poem is repeated throughout the poem to intensify her strength and pride of overcoming her past experiences, and also that she continues to overcome other situations. This allows the poem to be viewed in a positive way by the audience as Angelou overcomes these situations and being able to connect with the reader as she portrays that to them. In this poem, every other line rhymes, â€Å"Out of the huts of history’s shame, I rise, up from a past that’s rooted in pain, I rise, I’m a black ocean leaping and wide, welling and swelling I bear in the tide,†(stanza 8) this allows the poet to guide the reader throughout the poem and keep them involved. â€Å"Black ocean,† this phrase gives a sense of fear because of the colour black, telling the reader that the ocean is cruel and full of evil. This may be related to the fact that Angelou is a black woman, who has gone through some unexpected horrible events. Angelou has used imageryShow MoreRelatedAnalysis of Maya Angelous Still I Rise1858 Words   |  8 PagesThe poem I have chosen to write a detailed description and interpretation of is Maya Angelous Still I Rise. In analysing the chosen poem I will be considering the ways in which my own knowledge, experience and cultural identity might have an influence in the way I have read and interprete d the poem. This poem is very strong and powerful, as a reader I can sense this in the title of the poem, still I rise. If the reader does not know the origin of the author I guess that it will be hard to tellRead MorePerspectives on Hope: Eudora Weltys A Worn Path, and Maya Angelous Still I Rise1594 Words   |  7 Pagescomfort, strength and encouragement. Eudora Welty’s â€Å"A Worn Path† is a story of one woman’s hopeful, determined journey. Overcoming every obstacle and distraction in her path, she perseveres in order to complete her objective. Similarly, Maya Angelou’s â€Å"Still I Rise† tells the story of strength and resilience during adversity. The poem is a celebration of the endurance and hope of the African-American race. While both of these narratives highlight the unfortunate American history of racism, the storiesRead MoreEssay Personal Perseverance in the Works of Maya Angelou1313 Words   |  6 PagesPersonal Perseverance in the Works of May a Angelou      Ã‚  Ã‚   Internationally respected brilliant poet, historian, and author Maya Angelou says in all my work I try to tell the human truth-what it is like to be human...what makes us stumble and fumbleand fall and somehow miraculously rise and go on from the darkness and into the light (Ebony 96). This theme is consistently exemplified throughout Angelous greatly acclaimed autobiographical worksand poems such as I Know Why The Caged Bird Sings, GatherRead MoreEssay on The Interpretation of None the Other, Maya Angelou1508 Words   |  7 Pagesworld holds. Dr. Maya Angelou is one of the most renowned and influential voices of our time. Hailed as a global renaissance woman, Dr. Angelou is a celebrated poet, memoirist, novelist, educator, producer, actress, historian, filmmaker, and civil rights activist. As a strong African-American woman, she has experienced the brutality of racial discrimination, yet also absorbed the unshakable faith and values of traditional African-American fami ly, community, and culture. Dr. Maya Angelou’s notorious aspectsRead MoreMaya Angelou1001 Words   |  5 PagesMaya Angelou You may shoot me with your words, you may cut me with your eyes, you may kill me with your hatefulness. But still, like air, Ill rise. Have you ever been so influenced by such a small amount of powerful words? This brilliant quote extracted from Maya Angelous own poem, Still I Rise, basically brings out the spirit and nature of each of her publications. Maya Angelous works of poetry are seen as inspiration for those who have been discriminated for their public appearances. AsRead MoreWhat Criteria Make Up A Poem?1225 Words   |  5 Pagesnot accurate. Eagleton states poetry is different than prose in the way poetry is structured and the way it uses language. Maya Angelou’s â€Å"Still I Rise† meets the five criteria of Terry Eagleton’s definition of a poem because it is un-pragmatic, verbally inventive, fictional, makes a moral statement, and is different than prose. The form of Maya Angelou’s poem, â€Å"Still I Rise† relates to the content of the poem. The form of the poem is rhyming quatrains, following the rhyme scheme ABCB. However, towardsRead MoreMaya Angelou: A Model Woman Through Influential Literature Essay1708 Words   |  7 Pagesinfluence on society itself. Maya Angelou is a great example of the model woman. She has beaten the odds and has become one of the most well known African American women of today. She is an author, poet, historian, songwriter, playwright, dancer, stage and screen producer, director, performer, singer, and civil rights activist. Her most influential work comes from her extraordinary books and poems. Her literature has influenced the young and old with their contents. Maya Angelous literary significanceRead MoreMaya Angelou: Speak Up Essay example1127 Words   |  5 PagesMaya Angelou experienced a life-changing event at the vulnerable age of eight: her mother’s boyfriend raped her. As a result, she chose to be mute for five years due to the emotional trauma this caused. Soon, a family friend named Mrs. Flowers, a wealthy and intellectual woman from Stamps, Arkansas where her grandmother resided, read with Angelou and helped Maya to express herself through writing. Mrs. Flowers taught Maya â€Å"words mean more than what is set down on paper. It takes the human voiceRead MoreAnalysis of the poem Still I Rise1268 Words   |  6 PagesAn Analysis of the poem Still I Rise by Maya Angelou African Americans have been oppressed for centuries. Despite this discrimination, people of this race have fought hard for their freedom and respect. This pursuit of equality is evident inMaya Angelou’s poem, â€Å"Still I Rise†. Angelou integrates numerous literary ideas such as various sounds, poetry forms, and key concepts.The poetic devices incorporated in Maya Angelou’s work, â€Å"Still I Rise†,heightens the overall effectivenessRead MoreA Comparison of ‘Still I Rise’ by Maya Angelou and ‘No Problem’ by Benjamin Zephaniah860 Words   |  4 PagesMaya Angelou is a internationally respected, brilliant poet, and author. Maya Angelou says In all my work I try to tell the human truth, what it is like to be human, what makes us stumble and somehow miraculously rise and go on from the darkness and into the light†. This theme is consistently exemplified throughout Angelous greatly acclaimed poem ‘Still I rise’. The poem shows us the true life story of Maya Angelous tragedies, and their dreadful conditions she had encountered in her youth. But

William Faulkner s Bride Comes From Yellow Sky - 1202 Words

Authors have to work to intrigue readers to continue reading. It’s not an easy task, but they manage, as when they leave a reader wondering â€Å"why,† it adds suspense to a reader while they read. The reader starts to anticipate what would happen next and continue to wonder. The author keeps the reader interested and works better for the story. Two authors that incorporate suspense into their stories are Stephen Crane (Bride Comes to Yellow Sky) and William Faulkner (A Rose for Emily). The suspense is included in both stories, by the stories point of view, organization and inevitable change. The points of view in which the stories are told, initiates the suspense which is incorporated into the reader. In Bride Comes to Yellow Sky, Crane added†¦show more content†¦Would he still be respect by the town? As for A Rose for Emily, Faulkner incorporated suspense by the narrator’s voice, due to the lack of knowledge the reader had of Emily, the reader questions everything that occurs. It makes the reader want to know more of Emily, and what made her so isolated from the town. The entire town people gossiped about her, which lets the reader know the entire town was very judgmental and petty on how they waited for her death. The people of the town came out to be discriminating, judgmental, and nosy, but this added to the suspense on what really went on with Emily. No one really knew why she isolated herself, why there was a horrible smell around Emily’s house, and as well no one was ever seen to go in or out of her house. All these questions made it suspens eful for answers. The organization of the stories is essential to the suspense of these two stories by Crane and Faulkner. In Bride Comes to Yellow sky, the authors incorporate suspense into the characters, which bounces back and forth between the characters. The reader gets to understand each character, as for Jack Potter he’s scared on how he will be perceived by others, due to him being married now, instead of him being married to only his job. As well Scratchy Wilson, the suspense is definitely added to his character because he’s drunk and is going around Yellow Sky shooting, and challenging anyone to have a gunfight. No one dares to

Components of Effective Communication Framework

Question: Describe about the Components of Effective Communication Framework. Answer: Abstract: This paper presents the key components of strategic communication framework that initiate effective and respectful communication with the Aboriginal communities regarding effective health care service delivery. The paper articulates the commonalities across indigenous interaction with health care providers, cultural behavior, and health communication. It thus consolidates research findings and contemporary literature and presents the perspectives within multicultural community health work for the aged care. Health literacy has been internationally, nationally, and locally recognized as an essential factor influencing the safety and quality of healthcare provision among the indigenous communities. As a result, effective communication among the indigenous communities requires dissemination of timely and accurate information that meets the needs of the audience, support actions towards information delivery, use of appropriate channel of communication, and a suitable environment that can promote openness in communicating health information. Introduction Health communication is defined as the mass or interpersonal communication activities that aim at ensuring the improved health of individuals (Mitic, Rootman, 2012). Effective and respectful health communication is vital in the process of providing health care services to the indigenous communities. Engaging in respectful and effective communication is vital in the process of delivering health services to the indigenous communities (Pleasant, McKinney, Rikard, 2011). (Vass, 2011 and Todd, 2011). Health literacy has been internationally, nationally, and locally recognized as an essential factor influencing the safety and quality of healthcare provision among the indigenous communities. In their study on the effective healthcare provision among the indigenous communities, Andrulis and Brach (2012) points out that effective and respectful communication is an essential factor in the process of understanding the illiteracy and health requirement among the communities. However, there is a considerable concern on how different individuals conceptualize the need for effective communication in healthcare provision among such communities (Zarcadoolas, Pleasant, Greer, 2012). Linguistic and cultural diversity causes further complexity and thus requires a high degree of healthcare frameworks (Lowell et al., 2012). The aim of strategic communication framework Given the diverse indigenous population, language and culture are crucial components of responsive and effective healthcare provision. They influence not only the consumption level but also accommodate the needs of the healthcare service consumers (Zarcadoolas, 2011). It is for this reason that cultural competency, strategic communication competence, and cultural competence requires being systematically addressed at the international, national, and community level to ensure healthcare that can respond to the diverse needs of the indigenous communities. In his study, Elson (2011) points out that the competencies and frameworks cannot be met effectively without proper communication with the indigenous communities. His idea is supported by Berkma et al. (2011) who point out that effectiveness in communication is vital for; Understanding the relationship between cultural security, cultural competency, health literacy, and health communication. Analyzing the implications of linguistic and cultural diversity for addressing the health care challenges affecting indigenous communities. Adopting universal precaution approaches that can effectively meet the diverse health needs of the indigenous communities rather than focusing on the limitations of the communities towards better healthcare provision. Measuring of health literacy encompassing the literacy in health service provision and a healthy environment. The integration of communication, health literacy, and cultural competence in reflecting the extension of interrelation so as to enable appropriate actions in all the levels of healthcare. Components of strategic communication framework With the indigenous communities as the target audience, there is a need for developing an effective communication framework that can specifically gather and meet the needs of both the healthcare professionals and the communities. According to Elson (2011), an effective communication framework thus involves four major components. These are an appropriate channel of communication, environment, accuracy and time of information, and individual or group action facilitated by the communication as summarized in figure 1. Figure 1: A model showing the components of an effective strategic communication framework The major purpose of effective communication in the process of healthcare provision among the indigenous communities is to promote healthy behavior change and good treatment outcomes among the communities. It is equally true for the clinical nurses who have the responsibility for ensuring effective delivery of health services to different age groups and among communities with different cultures (Pleasant, McKinney, Rikard, 2011). A strategic communication framework thus requires the four key components: Dissemination of timely and accurate information that meets the needs of the audience It is a key component of the flow of information between the nurses and the audience. The information given needs to be evidence based, delivered at the right moment of decision making, and relevant to both the nurse and the patient on their immediate perceived needs. The key message from either the nurse or the patient plays a vital role in gaining each others attention of as it promotes a dialogue for prompt action. The patient is thus able to effectively express his health conditions as the nurse advises effectively on the relevant method of treatment that is appropriate to the condition of the patient. Use of appropriate channel of communication Indigenous communities tend to be affected by differences in language and culture in the process of interaction. Using the right channel of communication is necessary to promote the effectiveness of the communication process as it promotes the attention of the audience. Engaging in a two-way communicating with the patient is necessary especially for patients who are at their old age and cannot speak for themselves. It helps in strengthening the impact of the message and hence enables the adoption of the message with time. In the attempt of using the right channel of communication, a common language as well as a standardized approach is crucial especially in the event of sharing critical information. Cormack (2011) points out that a standardized approach and a common language normalizes and organizes communication hence ensuring greater understanding as a result of the cultural differences that characterizes the indigenous communities. Support actions of response towards information delivery A strategic communication channel in the clinical sector will result in an action that can either be positive or negative depending on the type of information delivered (Ishikawa Takahiro, 2010). For instance, a good counseling process towards living with HIV/AIDS will motivate the patient towards living positively with the disease while carrying out the normal daily activities. Such a patient will adopt good nutrition, exercise regularly, and monitor other health related issues that would motivate him to live a longer life (Mitic, Rootman, 2012). However, poor communication during counseling has been reported to have resulted in the sudden death of patients as a result of shock and frustration, among other reasons (Rubin et al., 2011). Face-to-face is the most effective way of ensuring proper healthcare delivery as it gives the opportunity for verification and questioning between the nurse and the patients. Environment for change Communication for health care related information requires a good environment that will motivate a confidential conversation between the client and the medical professional in charge. It is thus vital to set a conducive environment that will promote both open public communication as well as private communication between the individuals. For instance, some health complications like cancer, sexually related infections, and other chronic health issues require a private conversation time that motivates the patient to give sufficient information concerning his or her experience with the infection. Requirements for effective communication Promoting effective and respectful communication framework components among the indigenous communities, there are some issues that need to be maintained while embedding some gaps in communication. For instance, there is need of addressing the social determinants and inequities of health that are pivotal to health improvement strategies. Communication thus needs to focus on the emotional and social wellbeing of the indigenous communities that impact their health services in general according to Rubin et al. (2011). Effective communication thus requires adopting a comprehensive approach that targets at solving the health inequalities and improvement in health systems. Poor communication between nurses and indigenous patients can lead to wrong treatment information, an increase in complaints by patients, delay in diagnosis of life-threatening events, increased periods of treatment and health care expenditure among other challenges (Cormack, 2011). Effective communication is the mediator in the process of interaction between the health outcomes and health literacy as pointed out by Ishikawa and Takahiro (2010). Most of the health communication is always done orally in the process of giving out health information between the patient and health care providers. Effective and respectful communication thus requires the ability to speak, listen, and negotiate at different dimensions (Andrulis, Brach, 2012). For instance, getting health information from the aged or the elderly is essential so as to understand their health requirements. Getting such valuable information requires effective and respectful communication that will motivate such patients to open up so as to initiate effective decision-making Pleasant, McKinney, and Rikard (2011). Communication is thus important in interpreting the message delivered and thus involves power relationship, respect, trust, style of communication protocol, and communication process language. However, indigenous communities require cultural and conceptual knowledge, beliefs, and attitudes that affect their level of interaction with different health professionals. Strategic communication framework hence requires different attributes that will lead to effective healthcare provision among indigenous communities (Sudore, 2009). Challenges of ineffective communication Effective healthcare practices among the aboriginal communities involve many instances where clinical and health information needs to communicate accurately (NielsenB, Panzer, 2014). Ineffective communication thus puts the health of the patient at risk as a result of information misinterpretation, unclear orders, overlooked status change, lack of the critical information among other challenges (Lowell et al., 2012). Improper communication in the process of health care provision can also lead to medical errors which have a great potential of causing injuries or even unexpected death of patients. Nutbeam (2010) in his study notes that medical errors especially due to the failure of respectful and effective communication are pervasive challenges in health care provision among indigenous communities. Effectively communicating with marginalized groups like the indigenous communities is particularly difficult. As pointed out by Mitic and Rootman (2012), such communities may not have the desire or capacity of engaging other people in free communication despite the possibility of the existence of practical barriers like language and culture. The nursing providers may hence need to invest their time and resources to build the capacity of such vulnerable communities so as to initiate communication and engagement within households, families, and community levels. As a result, considerable times is also required to build long lasting and trusted relationships that can promote free communication that will make the health care service delivery more effective. Appropriate strategies for communication and engagement also vary with the special scale depending on the depth and breadth of communication which are as well key considerations to achieve effective communication results (Pleasant, Mc Kinney, Rikard, 2011). Conclusion Communication process requires the use of the right channel that would promote timely and accurate information as well as in an effective environment. Adopting the right strategic communication components hence promotes understanding and clarity that is vital in the process of healthcare service delivery within the indigenous communities. These communities are characterized by cultural and linguistic differences that need to be addressed so as to meet the needs and health requirements of such communities. A nurse that offers health care services among indigenous communities hence needs to adapt tactical and strategic channels that will promote patients of all age groups to communicate freely on issues concerning their health. Nurses thus need to become smarter in ensuring that their communication skills are strategized into a pre-planned event in an effective communication plan depending on the type of patients and the information to be delivered or received. Nurses also need to educ ate community health workers who are their counterparts so that they can also be equipped with the skills to update and consult events in the event that the attention of the nurses is needed while they are not reachable Lesson plan Introduction Successful health care provision for the indigenous communities relies on effective communication between the nurse and the clients. It is thus essential to a healthy society and can leas of confusion and misunderstanding when not framed correctly. It is hence vital for a nurse to strategize on how to communicate with the indigenous individuals despite the difference that exist in culture and language. Developing an effective strategic communication framework is hence an art that is hence necessary for every student in the clinical sector to understand. Key concepts Cultural and professional knowledge and safe skills of communication among indigenous communities Effective communication The cultural concept of the indigenous communities towards healthcare provision Language objectives; the learners will be able to Understanding the general concept of effective communication in the clinical setting Requirements of effective communication skills Discussing the culturally safe communication strategies that are acceptable within the indigenous communities. Examining the significance of respectful and effective communication Content objectives; the learners will be able to Describe diseases and conditions having essential importance for the indigenous communities Discuss how the health decision and behavior of the indigenous communities are affected by their family structure and social relationships as it is a major determinant of effective communication. Discuss the difference between the empowering approach and paternalistic approach to delivery of healthcare services and how they can influence the outcome of effective communication. Mode of presentation Use of power point presentation slides Discussions Questions and answers Target audience The target audience for the presentation of the concepts of strategic communication framework will be, nursing students, doctors, and clinical officers among other medical practitioners in the clinical setting dealing with healthcare provision amongst the indigenous communities. The audience will also include the community health workers who in many cases help in linking the community and the nurses offering the medical service in the community level. Managing the audience Depending on the number of participants, the audience will be divided into groups of 20 people where each group will have the presentation as the lesson objectives will only be effectively achieved with a small number of people. It thus means that the presentations will e done in slots if the number of participants is more than one group. Presentation of the slides There will be a discussion and explanation of the ideas presented in every slide so as to motive clear understanding of the points presented. References Andrulis, D. P., Brach, C. (2012). Integrating Literacy, Culture, and Language to Improve Health Care Quality for Diverse Populations. American Journal of Health Behaviour, 31(Suppl 1), 122-133. Begoray, D. L., Kwan, B. (2012). A Canadian exploratory study to define a measure of health literacy. [Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't]. Health Promot Int, 27(1), 23-32. Berkman, N. D., Sheridan, S. L., Donahue, K. E., Halpern, D. J., Viera, A., Crotty, K. Harden, E. (2011). Health literacy interventions and outcomes: An updated systematic review. Cormack, L. (2010). Framework concepts of effective communition: What Is It? Journal of Health Communication: International Perspectives 15(S2), 9-19. Dunn, S. (2012). Indigenous consumer concerns about communication related to chronic disease in one remote region of Australia. International Journal of SpeechLanguage Pathology, 14(3), 200-208. Elson D (2011). A framework to support clinical communication. Safe hand-over: safe care. Midwives.;10(11):508-9, Retrieved from https://www.safetyandquality.gov.au/implementation-toolkit-resource-portal/resources/simple-solution-development/SHARED%20Resource%20Guide.pdf Ishikawa, H., Takahiro, K. (2010). Health literacy and health communication. BioPshychoSocial Medicine, 4(18). Retrieved from https://www.bpsmedicine.com Lowell, A., Mayilama, E., Yikaniwuy, S., Rrapa, E., Williams, R., Dunn, S. (2012). "Hiding the story": Indigenous consumer concerns about communication related to chronic disease in one remote region of Australia. International Journal of SpeechLanguage Pathology, 14(3), 200-208. Mitic, W., Rootman, I. (2012). An intersectoral approach for improving health literacy for Canadians. A discussion paper: Public Health Association of British Columbia. NielsenB, L., Panzer, A. M. (2014). Health literacy: a prescription to end confusion: National Academy Press Nutbeam, D. (2010). Health literacy as a public health goal: a challenge for contemporary health education and communication strategies into the 21st century. Health Promotion International, 15(3), 259-267. doi: 10.1093/heapro/15.3.259 Orlow, M. K. (2012). Health Literacy and the Disenfranchised: The Importance of Collaboration Between Limited English Proficiency and Health Literacy Researchers. J Health Commun, 17(sup3), 7-12. doi: 10.1080/10810730.2012.712627 Pleasant, A., McKinney, J., Rikard, R. V. (2011). Health Literacy Measurement: A Proposed Research Agenda. Journal of Health Communication: International Perspectives, 16(sup3), 11-21. Rubin, D. L., Parmer, J., Freimuth, V., Kaley, T., Okundaye, M. (2011). Associations Between Older Adults' Spoken Interactive Health Literacy and Selected Health Care and Health Communication Outcomes. Journal of Health Communication, 16(sup3), 191-204. Sudore, R. L., Landefeld, C. S., Prez-Stable, E. J., Bibbins-Domingo, K., Williams, B. A., Schillinger, D. (2009). Unraveling the relationship between literacy, language proficiency, and patientphysician communication. Patient Educ Couns, 75(3), 398- 402. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2009.02.019 Todd, L. (2011). Predicting health literacy among english-as-asecond-language older chinese immigrant women to canada: comprehension of colon cancer prevention information. Journal of Cancer Education, 26(2), 326-332. doi: 10.1007/s13187-010-0162-2 Vass, A. (2011). Health literacy and Australian Indigenous peoples: an analysis of the role of language and worldview. Health Promotion Journal of Australia, 22(1), 33-37. Zarcadoolas, C. (2011). The simplicity complex: exploring simplified health messages in a complex world. Health Promot International, 26(3), 338-350. Zarcadoolas, C., Pleasant, A., Greer, D. S. (2012). Understanding health literacy: an expanded model. Health Promot Int, 20(2), 195-203. doi: 10.1093/heapro/dah609

King Lear - Analyzing A Tragic Hero Essays (827 words) - King Lear

King Lear - Analyzing a Tragic Hero King Lear - Analyzing a Tragic Hero Tragedy is defined in Websters New Collegiate Dictionary as: 1) a medieval narrative poem or tale typically describing the downfall of a great man, 2) a serious drama typically describing a conflict between the protagonist and a superior force (as destiny) and having a sorrowful or disastrous conclusion that excites pity or terror. The play of King Lear is one of William Shakespears great tragic pieces, it is not only seen as a tragedy in itself, but also a play that includes two tragic heroes and four villains. I felt that a tragic hero must not be all good or all bad, but just by misfortune he is deprived of something very valuable to him by error of judgment. We must be able to identify ourselves with the tragic hero if he is to inspire fear, for we must feel that what happens to him could happen to us. If Lear was completely evil, we would not be fearful of what happens to him: he would merely be repulsive. But Lear does inspire fear because, like us, he is not completely upright, nor is he completely wicked. He is foolish and arrogant, it is true, but later he is also humble and compassionate. He is wrathful, but at times, patient. Because of his good qualities, we experience pity for him and feel that he does not deserve the severity of his punishment. His actions are not occasioned by any corruption or depravity in him, but by an error in judgment, which, however, does arise from a defect of character. Lear has a "tragic flaw" - egotism. It is his egotism in the first scene that causes him to make his error in judgment - the division of his kingdom and the loss of Cordelia. Throughout the rest of the play, the consequences of this error slowly and steadfastly increase until Lear is destroyed. There must be a change in the life of the tragic hero; he must past from happiness to misery. Lear, as seen in Act I, has everything a man should want - wealth, power, peace, and a state of well-being. Because a tragic character must pass from happiness to misery, he must be seen at the beginning of the play as a happy man, surrounded by good fortune. Then, the disasters that befall him will be unexpected and will be in direct contrast to his previous state. In King Lear the two tragic characters, a king and an earl, are not ordinary men. To have a man who is conspicuous endure suffering brought about because of his own error is striking. The fear aroused for this man is of great importance because of his exalted position. His fall is awesome and overwhelming. When tragedy, as in Lear, happens to two such men, the effect is even greater. To intensify the tragedy of King Lear, Shakespeare has not one but two tragic characters and four villains. As we have seen, the sub-plot - concerning Gloucester, Edmund, and Edgar - augments the main plot. Gloucester undergoes physical and mental torment because he makes the same mistake that Lear does. Like Lear, Gloucester is neither completely good nor completely bad. There is, for instance, a coarseness in the earl, who delights in speaking of his adultery. But he has good qualities as well. He shows, for instance, concern for Kent in the stocks, and he risks his life to help Lear. Gloucester's punishment, his blindness, parallel's Lear's madness. These two tragic stories unfolding at the same time give the play a great eminence. The important element in tragedy is action, not character. It is the deeds of men that bring about their destruction. Lear calls upon the "great gods," Edgar and Kent blame Fortune, and Gloucester says that the gods "kill us for their sport" (IV.i.37). But in reality the calamities that befall both Lear and Gloucester occur because of the actions of these men. Their actions, it is true, grow out of their characters: both are rash, unsuspecting, and vengeful. But the actions themselves are the beginnings of their agony, for these actions start a chain of events that lead to ultimate catastrophe. A tragic hero gains insight through suffering. Neither Lear nor Gloucester realizes he has committed an error until he has suffered. Lear's suffering is so intense that it drives him mad; it is on the desolate health that he fully realizes his mistake in giving the kingdom to his two savage daughters and disowning the one daughter who

Open Architechture a white paper

Open Architechture a white paper Free Online Research Papers Abstract: The purpose of this white paper is to provide a better understanding of how the United States Navy is implementing open architecture. This paper will introduce Naval Open Architecture (OA) and explain open architecture principles. The Problem: â€Å"In the past the Navy has acquired systems that, although they performed their functions and tasks exceedingly well, were unique in their designs and engineering; required unique parts, equipment, and services to support them; were supported by a limited number of suppliers; and became unaffordable to maintain. There are numerous instances, moreover, in which a system or platform was scrapped rather than upgraded or modernized because the cost to do so became prohibitive. Thus, the challenge for weapons systems designers and engineers is to take advantage of OA systems when it makes good warfighting and business sense to do so. When all is said and done, if an OA solution does not enhance our ability to meet mission needs at reduced costs, then it is probably not the solution we desire.† Source: Open Architecture in Naval Combat System Computing of the 21st Century, Network-Centric Applications by Captain Thomas J. Strei, USN, Deputy, Open Architecture Program Executive Office, Integrated Warfare System This paper will serve as a training paper and an introduction to Open Architecture What is Naval Open Architecture? Naval Open Architecture is defined as: A multi-faceted strategy providing a framework for developing joint, interoperable systems that adapt and exploit open system design principles and architectures. Enterprise Open Architecture (OA) is a pattern of nonfunctional requirements that can create and maintain more open and flexible complex systems. Organizations with large, complex systems are looking to OA to help manage complexity, increase flexibility, and reduce their costs. Satisfying the OA nonfunctional requirements (open standards, modularity, interoperability, extensibility, reusability, composability, and maintainability) in system design and implementation is essential to OA at the enterprise level. The Naval OA is a framework which includes a set of principles, processes, and best practices that: Provide more opportunities for competition Optimize total system performance Are easily developed and upgraded Minimize total ownership costs Rapidly field affordable, interoperable systems Employ non-proprietary standards for internal interfaces Enable component reuse The Internet is an excellent example of an open system. Anyone can develop applications that will run on the Internet because the publicly available standard interfaces, protocols, and defined functions are the gateway for participation. Multiple vendors provide the software and hardware for Internet use. The customer base drives the vendors success and market share, while creating defacto interoperability, upgradability, and portability of applications. Source: Open Architecture in Naval Combat System Computing of the 21st Century, Network-Centric Applications by Captain Thomas J. Strei, USN, Deputy, Open Architecture Program Executive Office, Integrated Warfare System Software development and complex system development have tried to achieve the simplicity and flexibility of plug and play for a long time. The economic effects of open architecture’s, such as the original IBM PC and the World Wide Web, show the value of an OA as an enabler of rapid technological adoption and improvement. OA is often cited for providing several valuable business results: Rapid adoption of technology Greater flexibility in business processes and technical infrastructure Easier test and integration Rapid improvement in technology capability and performance Reduced system lifecycle cost through: Increased competition Easier maintenance and upgrades More skilled practitioners Greater component reuse Why is the Navy looking to implement Open Architecture? The world in which the Navy operates today is a significant departure from the environment dominated by Cold War tactics and the operational strategy of the last quarter of the 20th Century. Power is no longer measured just in terms of hard assets and strike capability. New threats are emerging everyday and adversaries are leveraging the commercial market to rapidly develop new and unconventional weapons. At the same time, Navy missions are expanding. The Navy is more engaged in global maritime security, humanitarian missions, warfighter operations, coalition operations and protecting our homeland. Existing business issues that are causing the Navy to require open architecture In an era of strenuous competition for dollars, the Navy is continuously challenged with a host of budget decisions. Previously the legacy approach to systems acquisition locked the Navy into inflexible acquisition strategies with single systems and vendors that limit the services options for competition and innovation. The Navy has learned that limited competition impedes innovation; OA provides options for greater competition and inclusion of innovators. Procured systems are not affordable throughout the life cycle due to the expense not only in development, but also in maintenance. Without OA there is little to no asset reuse takes place across the enterprise. Technical issues that are causing the Navy to look to OA Procurement of monolithic systems using legacy processes produces incompatible systems that are not interoperable. Naval software is closely coupled (integral) to the computing hardware platforms. Special-use code and modules that cannot be reused across the Navy are considered artifacts of the legacy approach to systems acquisition. Increases (and resulting life cycle cost growth) of hardware and software baselines have resulted in upgrade processes to closed systems. Where does the Navy hope to go with OA? Implementing OA across the enterprise will enable warfighting functions. By utilizing OA, standards-based solutions will enable common, interoperable capabilities to be fielded more rapidly, more affordably and enable more effective technology insertion. Naval enterprise-wide business plans are based on a cost/capability analysis of programs that address capability, affordability, and stabilization. There is a requirement for more flexible acquisition strategies and contracts. This will enable the Navy to reuse software, easily upgrade systems, and share data throughout the enterprise. It is time for a streamlined approach for investments in similar capabilities. Along with a streamlined approach, the Navy expects to see increased competition that will foster innovation and leverage technology upgrades across the enterprise. The technical implementation of OA across the enterprise yields some technical challenges. The Navy seeks layered and modular open architectures that will address portability, maintainability, interoperability, upgradeability and long-term supportability. The OA approach brings modular, open designs consisting of components that are self-contained elements with well-defined interfaces. Maximum use of commercial standards and commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) products will assure systems that continuously conform to Information Assurance (IA) requirements. How does Open Architecture benefit the Fleet and Other Organizations? Performance Continuous competition yields best of breed applications and allows for a focus on warfighting priorities. Schedule System integration of OA compliant software happens quickly and allows for more rapid updates driven by operational cycles. Cost Avoidance Mechanisms Where software is concerned, develop once, use often, upgrade as required. Where hardware is concerned, use high volume COTS products at an optimum price. Training systems should use same tactical applications and COTS hardware. Design for Maintenance Free Operating Periods Install adequate processing power to support minimal maintenance. Replacements should be pulled from improved COTS versus maintaining old hardware. Reduce maintenance training that has been required in the past. Consolidate development and operational testing for reused applications. Risk Reduction Deploy less (but better than existing) performance or wait until the next update. Compliance Issues Directives that apply to Open Architecture The DoDD 5000.1 directs: A modular, open systems approach shall be employed, where feasible. In a memo, Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology, and Logistics (USD ATL) amplified DoDD 5000.1s direction, stating that: It is the DoD’s intent to use open architectures to rapidly field affordable systems that are interoperable in the joint battle space All programs subject to milestone review must brief their Modular Open Systems Approach (MOSA) implementation to their Milestone Decision Authority The Open Systems Joint Task Force (OSJTF) is the designated lead for the MOSA effort What is Assistant Secretary of the Navy (ASN) (Research, Development Acquisition (RDA) Policy Guidance? ASNs Memo set out OA policy, established an OA Enterprise Team (OAET), and assigned its roles and responsibilities: Lead the Navy Enterprise to OA implementation Provide OA Systems Engineering leadership to Program Executive Offices (PEOs), industry partners, Joint Organizations, Navy Warfare Centers and other participating organizations Provide the forum and process by which cross domain OA proposals and solutions are reviewed and approved Oversee OA implementation efforts ensuring standardized and disciplined processes are utilized across domains Identify cross-domain components and opportunities for cost reduction and reuse Leverage technical, business, and organizational solutions from all participating communities OA precepts require naval warfare systems be independent from underlying Commercial Off-the-Shelf computing plants and that modular systems design shall be followed What are Office of the Chief of Naval Operations (OPNAV)’s OA Principles? OPNAV has cited five principles of OA that must be followed in order to garner its advantages: Modular design and disclosure Reusable application software Interoperable joint warfighting applications and secure information exchange Life cycle affordability Encouraging competition and collaboration through development of alternative solutions and sources These five principles relate to and implement a Modular Open Systems Approach (MOSA) within the Naval Enterprise National Security Systems. What is Modular Open Systems Approach (MOSA)? Modular design is a design where functionality is partitioned into discrete, cohesive, and self-contained units with well-defined interfaces that enable substitution of such units with similar components or products from alternate sources with minimum impact on existing units. Design Disclosure is the process by which information is made available to all qualified parties to enable them to participate in the competitive process. It is important to emphasize that to be effective, design disclosure must take place early in the design process and provide for frequent refreshment over time (early and often disclosure). Design disclosure enables the implementation of collaboration and competition throughout the life cycle of the system. MOSA Compliance DoD: A modular open systems approach is required by DoD Directive 5000.1 and the USD (ATL) Memo* Navy: The ASN (RDA) OA Policy Memo requires that all future warfare systems must follow a modular open systems design Navy: Modular design is one of OPNAVs OA principles The Vision MOSA is an integral part of acquisition strategies in order to achieve affordable, evolutionary, and joint combat capability. The MOSA approach is both a business and technical strategy for developing a new system or modernizing an existing one. Modular design and design disclosure permits evolutionary design, technology insertion, competitive innovation, and alternative competitive approaches from multiple qualified sources. Furthermore, modular design is a fundamental principle that enables other activities. Design disclosure is a crucial tenet of the OA business process. Design disclosure makes data related to the design of a component, sub-system or system available to qualified recipients. This data is sufficient to allow the third party to develop and produce a competitive alternative. This is an integral part of the toolset that will help DoD to achieve its goal of providing the joint combat capabilities required for 21st century warfare, including supporting and evolving these capabilities over their total life cycle. Asset Reuse Reuse is the practice of leveraging components from one system or environment for use in other systems or environments, with no change or minimal change to the component. OA enables reuse through business practices such as contractual strategies that encourage integrators/innovators to seek and provide reusable components. Innovators should seek out technical practices that enable the development of reusable components, including development of data models, use of open standards and common run-time infrastructures. Asset reuse is facilitated by: Peer review processes that consider best of breed from various vendors and other systems Repository capabilities that enable market research for discovery of existing products that have similar mission requirements Community of interest and product line approaches that build on existing products to provide for similar capabilities where needed For the purpose of Naval OA, reuse means both importing and exporting components across domains or programs. Reuse of components by a single vendor in multiple products does not fulfill the intent of OA reuse. Reusable assets include not only software, but other items, such as models, designs, algorithms, and even contract language or acquisition documentation. Software reuse can be applied at a variety of levels: Application Algorithm Architecture Design Reuse concepts can be extended to other reusable items Contract language Acquisition documentation Training materials Interoperable Joint Warfighting Applications and Secure Information Exchange Interoperable joint warfighting applications and secure information exchange must be created using common services (e.g., common time reference) common warfighting applications and information assurance as intrinsic design elements. Interoperability is defined as the ability of two or more systems or components to exchange information and to use the information that has been exchanged. [IEEE 90] Open architecture enables interoperability through common data models and the use of open standards. Secure Information Exchange According to the Chairman of The Joint Chiefs of Staff Instruction [CJCSI 3170.01E], Information Assurance is defined as: Information operations that protect and defend information and information systems by ensuring their availability, integrity, authentication, confidentiality and non-repudiation, this includes providing for restoration of information systems by incorporating protection, detection and reaction capabilities. To assist in assuring the protection of information a program called net-ready key performance parameter (NR-KPP) has been implemented. NR-KPP assesses information needs, information timeliness, information assurance and net-ready attributes required for both the technical exchange of information and the end-to-end operational effectiveness of that exchange. Protecting information is vital to implementing open architecture. Life cycle affordability Life cycle affordability plays an important part in program decisions throughout the Life cycle. Even before a program is formally approved for initiation, affordability plays a key role in the identification of capability needs. Life cycle affordability is achieved by application of OA practices in system design, development, delivery, and support. In choosing systems it is important to remember that a system that meets performance requirements, but if the system is not reliable, maintainable, and supportable then it becomes a liability to the warfighter. Affordability also is achieved by exploiting the Rapid Capability Insertion Process/Advanced Processor Build (RCIP/APB) methodology to mitigate COTS obsolescence. When considering life cycle cost you must consider the total cost of acquisition and ownership of a system over its useful life. This includes the cost of development, acquisition, support, and disposal. OA promotes reduction in life cycle costs through a variety of ways. One of the primary ways is through the ability to leverage the commodity nature of COTS computing to achieve greater processing power at less cost. Another way is by decoupling system components to enable addressing capability addition or maintenance at the module level, versus the system level. Leveraging reuse of components and applications to reduce maintenance and development costs where similar mission needs exist is a third way to reduce life cycle costs. A fourth way to reduce life cycle costs is by increasing the vendor pool thus increasing the potential for competition at most levels of the work breakdown structure. This increases competition and drives down cost and promotes innovation. The development of alternative solutions and sources encourages competition and collaboration. Since competition leads to innovation, in order to better differentiate themselves from others and thus win contracts, companies must continue to develop better and better technology. Collaboration leads to better systems as each company contributes its strength or niche component to the overall deliverable. The contractors are rewarded when the whole system performs to expectations, not just their component. Rapid Capability Acquisition An open modular approach, in concert with OA business methods, enables a rapid acquisition cycle. Early and often design disclosure and a peer review process facilitate ongoing competition and innovation. Software reuse and leveraging of common applications shortens cycle time and reduces life cycle cost. Modular design facilitates COTS refreshment and obsolescence mitigation. Rapid capability insertion gets new capability to the warfighter more quickly. When are OA principles going to be applied? OA principles are to be applied to all new programs and to in-service programs, as appropriate New programs born open In-service (existing) programs may apply OA principles, as appropriate to their System requirements Remaining service life Potential for change either due to maintenance or new requirements The selection of OA attributes and component reuse approaches is determined by the Program Manager in cooperation with the sponsor Determine as-is and to-be state of OA attributes Conduct business case analysis to document the choice of appropriate courses of action Five Principles Applied in Concert to Achieve OA When modular design, interoperable applications, reusable application software, competition and collaboration, secure information exchange, and life cycle affordability are used together they become open architecture. They are all important on their own, but when combined they lock together to support each other and form a matrix that enhances the core strength of the Navy and Marine Corps. Remember the five principles, not as individual stand-alone components but as a system that has five integral parts that center around Open Architecture. Together they make the Navy and Marine Corps a more effective military force. Summary Naval Open Architecture is the confluence of business and technical practices yielding modular, interoperable systems that adhere to open standards with published interfaces. This approach significantly increases opportunities for innovation and competition while enabling reuse of components, facilitating rapid technology insertion and reducing maintenance constraints. OA delivers increased warfighting capabilities in a shorter time at reduced cost. This initiative is a key enabler and pillar of DoD focus on joint architectures and evolutionary acquisition. By adopting OA principles throughout the Naval enterprise today, the Navy can build modular, affordable, future national security systems designed to meet the future needs of warfighters. These systems will also be able to readily incorporate insertion of new technologies from a broad range of industry partners. However, as the CNO states, â€Å"The Navy will remain powerful †¦ by exploiting cutting edge technology.† The Navy must identify our path forward. This strategy lays out the Navy’s vision, goals, and objectives to implement OA across the enterprise. This document presents three overarching high level Naval OA goals and supporting objectives. Underlying activities and work products are detailed in the implementation plan. Research Papers on Open Architechture a white paperBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfThe Project Managment Office SystemRiordan Manufacturing Production PlanAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalDefinition of Export QuotasUnreasonable Searches and SeizuresNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married Males

A project namely as Bisham came up by Virgin Media Inc Essay

A project namely as Bisham came up by Virgin Media Inc - Essay Example The paper tells that investment appraisal techniques basically work on the basis of incremental cash flows and not on the basis of net income. Incremental cash flows are the additional cash flows that a firm generates by investing in a particular project, thus the cash flows being generated from that project are added to the projected net income of the firm. However, in order to ensure whether a certain project is viable for the firm or not, the decision lies on the overall net cash flows pertaining to that project. The net cash flows of a particular project can be obtained by subtracting the net income of the company without accepting a project, from the net income of the firm with accepting a project. The basic formula for the incremental cash flows of a particular project is: Net cash flows of the project = Net Income of the company with the project - Net Income of the company without the project The reason behind using incremental cash flow approach in investment appraisal techniques is that it clearly states the actual cash outflows and inflows of a particular project. In case, when a firm has more than one projects and the firm has to decide which project needs to be opted, at that time this incremental approach assists the financial managers of the company, as the overall net income of the company might increase with every project, but the incremental cash flow approach clearly distinct between every project and their viability. As a result, the incremental approach is more useful in appraising different projects. ... These difficulties are as follows: Future projection of cash flows is subject to judgment of the financial analysts which vary with person to person. Inflation rate is subject to unpredictability as local economy as well as global economy may perform either way. The decision of operating cash flows are subject to pure judgment as nobody knows about the cost of direct material, future wage rates and above all the factory overheads estimates during the project life. The tax rate may change due to change in government’s policy. The working capital requirements are subject to pure judgments as to how to estimate them and the assumption regarding their reversal in the last year of the project. Net Cash Flows of Project Bisham under current conditions The following are the net cash flows of the project Bisham for 8 years project life. Yrs 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 NCF (1,400,000) 199,700 334,000 317,125 304,469 294,977 287,857 282,518 398,514 In the above table, year 0 indicates the year in which the initial investment is made in the project in the form of purchasing of two machineries naming as Machinery A and B for $1,200,000 and $200,000 respectively. The other figures included in the net cash flows from year 1 to year 8 are derived in such a manner that operating cash flows are computed first. Cost per unit of the product is first calculated by adding up per unit cost of each material, labor and factory overhead. Then these variable costs are deducted from the selling price per unit to obtain the contribution per unit. Contribution per unit for each year is then multiplied by the total number of units to be produced and sold each year to obtain

Critical thinking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Critical thinking - Essay Example And this has come with so much military concerns. In other words, religion has been a fundamental part in the organization of nations' military policies and military campaigns. This paper seeks to argue that religion is a major cause of war. In order to undertake this discourse, it is important to identify the origins of organized religion. This will provide the basis for the identification of the important variables and undertake a comparison of the era before organized religion and the era after organized religion. In providing a background to what we will call organized-religion today, Wilson identifies that â€Å"Jesus did not call what he taught Christianity nor did Buddha call what he taught Buddhism† (2011 p62). This implies that what we call religion today evolved years after the founders of those groups died. In other words, these great teachers in history lived for a given philosophy and idea that was meant to improve the lives of people and get human beings closer t o the Creator. However, after these exemplary teachers died, people who came after them sought to spread their creed and spiritual beliefs. These individuals are the ones who can institutionalize religions and make it imperative for people to adopt those religions and live according to these fundamental ideals. With time, these â€Å"religionists† philosophize and put religion in a context that binds all people and all members of the community. This is because they feel that the teachings of the founders of the sect are universal and every human being must be forced to comply with those religious ideals in order. A further analysis of the emergence of religion indicates that the founders of these religions were mainly individuals with very modest visions and modest views. However, after they died, some people believed in the institutionalization of the religious views and in doing this, they got closer to people in authority and created a symbiotic relationship that made reli gion self-serving and a tool for the control of the masses and the wider sections of the society (Gooding, 2006, p45). As Karl Marx opines, religion is the opium of the people (Ott, 2007). In his writings, Marx challenged the status quo and he identified a lot of things about the abuse of religion, power and authority. In doing this, he provides a thesis that religion is used by the people in power and the people in authority to control the masses and get them to do what the leaders want. This observation of Marx can be identified in many societies ranging from the Far East to the Atlantic and down to the southern tip of Africa and the southern continents. Religion was used by people in authority to guide and to control the minds of people in society. In notable examples, religion was used to organize Empires. Caroll writes that Emperor Constantine unified Europe and kept the Roman Empire alive through the adoption of Christianity as a state religion (2012). It is worthy to note tha t Christianity was an outlawed religion that came with a death penalty in the Roman Empire before Constantine came to power. However, realizing that there were economic challenges ahead and there was pressure and rebellion from the â€Å"barbarian† tribes in northern Europe, Constantine decided to adopt Christianity to unify the masses and create a single code. Thus, through the Church, an organized religion was formed in Europe and this helped